Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops in the cells that produce melanin—the pigment responsible for the color of your skin and eyes. When melanoma affects the eyes, it is referred to as ocular melanoma or eye melanoma.
Eye melanoma is relatively rare, and most cases develop in the parts of the eye that are not visible when you look in a mirror, making it challenging to detect early. Additionally, this type of cancer typically doesn’t show symptoms until it has progressed, which makes regular eye check-ups essential for early detection.
Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy, an experienced oncologist, provides valuable insights into eye melanoma, its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options.
What is Eye Melanoma?
Eye melanoma occurs when the DNA in healthy cells of the eye undergoes errors. These errors lead to the uncontrolled growth of cells, which accumulate and form a tumor. Eye melanomas most commonly develop in the middle layer of the eye, called the uvea, which consists of three parts:
- The Iris: The colored part of the eye.
- The Choroid: A layer of blood vessels and connective tissue at the back of the eye.
- The Ciliary Body: A part that produces the fluid (aqueous humor) within the eye.
Though rare, eye melanoma can also occur in the outermost layer of the eye (the conjunctiva), the eye socket, and eyelids.
Symptoms of Eye Melanoma
Eye melanoma may not show symptoms in its early stages. However, as the tumor grows, it may cause the following:
● Floaters: A sensation of flashes or specks in your vision.
● Dark Spot on the Iris: A growing dark spot on the colored part of the eye.
● Pupil Changes: A change in the shape of the pupil at the center of your eye.
● Blurry Vision: Difficulty seeing clearly in one eye.
● Loss of Peripheral Vision: Reduced side vision.
If you experience sudden changes in your vision or any of these symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of eye melanoma remains unclear, but errors in DNA are known to play a role. Several factors increase the likelihood of developing eye melanoma:
- Light Eye Color: People with blue or green eyes are at a higher risk.
- Race: Caucasians are more prone to eye melanoma than people of other races.
- Age: The risk increases with age.
- Inherited Conditions: Disorders like dysplastic nevus syndrome, which causes abnormal moles, can increase the risk of melanoma.
- Genetic Mutations: Certain inherited genetic mutations may elevate the risk.
- UV Light Exposure: While the link between UV exposure and eye melanoma is not fully established, there is evidence suggesting that excessive exposure to UV light may increase the risk.
People with ocular melanocytosis, a condition where pigmentation is increased on the uvea and adjacent tissues, also face a heightened risk of eye melanoma.
Complications of Eye Melanoma
If left untreated or if the tumor grows, eye melanoma can lead to several complications, including:
● Glaucoma: Increased pressure within the eye, which can cause pain, redness, and blurred vision.
● Vision Loss: Larger melanomas may cause significant vision loss in the affected eye and lead to complications like retinal detachment.
● Metastasis: In advanced cases, eye melanoma can spread to other parts of the body, including the liver, lungs, and bones.
Treatment for Eye Melanoma
Treatment for eye melanoma depends on the tumor’s size, location, and whether it has spread. For smaller melanomas, treatments may preserve vision and may include:
● Surgical Removal: Removing the tumor while preserving the eye.
● Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation to shrink or destroy the tumor.
For larger melanomas, treatment may involve:
● Enucleation: Removal of the eye if the tumor is too large and vision cannot be preserved.
● Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy: Used if the melanoma has spread beyond the eye.
Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy advises that early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment, and timely interventions can help preserve vision.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any changes in your vision or experience symptoms like floaters, blurry vision, or a dark spot on your iris, it is crucial to schedule an appointment with an ophthalmologist. Early detection and treatment can make a significant difference in managing eye melanoma and preserving your vision.
Final Thoughts
Eye melanoma may be a rare form of cancer, but its impact can be significant if left undiagnosed. Regular eye exams and awareness of potential symptoms are key to ensuring early detection and effective treatment. Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy encourages individuals to prioritize eye health and seek professional guidance if any concerns arise.
To learn more about eye melanoma and other cancer-related topics, consult with Dr. Vijay Anand Reddy at Apollo Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad.